What controversial 2017 restructuring of the Thanaweya Amma system introduced a tablet-based assessment and eliminated the single, all-or-nothing final exam format?

• A The Ta'lim el-Gedid initiative
• B The Tabshir (Digitization) reform ✓
• C The Open-Book examination reform
• D The Cumulative Assessment System

The Tabshir reform under Education Minister Tarek Shawki replaced the notorious single-sitting Thanaweya Amma exam with a tablet-based, open-book assessment model that spread scores across multiple years, aiming to reduce the extreme stress and tutoring costs associated with the old high-stakes test.