What is the Arabic term for the cram schools and private tutoring centres that have become a parallel, multi-billion-pound shadow education system supplementing Egyptian state schools?

• A Madaris ahliya
• B Kuttab
• C Durus khususia ✓
• D Marakiz ta'lim

Durus khususia (private lessons) form a vast informal economy of after-school tutoring — many families spend more on these private lessons than on their rent, as teachers supplement low state salaries, and sometimes withhold parts of the curriculum during school hours to drive demand.